Lens mount, flange focal length and back focal length
Machine vision cameras mainly use the C-mount connection to mount the lenses. In case of the very compact "sugar cube" cameras, you can also find CS-mount connections in order to have a larger installation space for the camera electronics. CS-mount is the prevailing standard for monitoring cameras. The flange focal length for C-mount is 17.5 mm.
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The C-mount or CS-mount connection is an inch thread with the specification 1-32UN-2A or W 1 inch x 32 TPI (threads per inch) and corresponds virtually to the metric thread M25.5 x 0,75 mm. The flank angle of the above-mentioned inch thread is 55°, that of a metric thread, however, is 60°. The connection standard has historically been influenced by cine cameras and has survived until today in video technology and imaging.
By using a C-CS-mount adapter, each CS-mount camera can be used with practically any C-mount lenses (provided that the thread is not too long so that it cannot be screwed into a 5mm ring completely). The use of CS-mount lenses on C-mount cameras is not possible. Due to their short flange focal length, CS-mount lenses are ideal to design inexpensive extreme wide-angle lenses. This is especially important in monitoring technology.
Particularly compact and cheap single-board camera modules use lenses with S-mount connections. These are optics with a M12 x 0.5 mm thread diameter. They are also called "M12x0.5 lenses". These mini-lenses are applied from web cameras to OEM industrial board cameras. Despite the reasonable price, their optics must not necessarily be bad. Even colour-corrected 5-megapixel lenses are available. S-mount lenses do normally not have an aperture, thus they are open to the maximum. S-mount optics can be used for camera sensor sizes of maximally 1/2", 1/3" or smaller. Apart from the missing aperture, these lenses don't have a focus ring either in most cases: focusing the S-mount optics is often done by screwing the lens into or out of a threaded shaft. Compact screwable lenses like the S-mount are also available with different thread diameters like M17, M14, M13, M9, M8, M7, etc.The F-mount connection refers to the bayonet system by Nikon which has already been developed in the late 1950s. The flange focal length is 46.5 mm. The F-mount, like the M42 screw thread, is mainly required for high-tech cameras with particularly large sensors which provide an especially high resolution with large pixels. This applies to industrial area scan and line scan cameras. In case of the M42 thread connection, the flange focal length is undefined and only refers to the diameter of 42 mm and a certain thread pitch. In this way the sensor can be mounted very close to the camera housing, which allows for a more compact design of the camera. However, the required distance between optics and sensor must be created by means of lens barrels.
Back focal length of lenses
From their measures, lenses do rarely end at the contact surface of the camera, but their last lens group usually sticks into the camera housing. The back focal length refers to the measure from the vertex of the last lens to the imaging array. This can be observed very often particularly in case of wide-angle lenses.
Lens mounting problems:
There are often problems with the back focal length when using CS-mount cameras with C-mount adapter + wide-angle C-mount lens. Some lenses touch the inner edge of the C-mount adapter in certain focusing positions.
Three-CCD/ CMOS cameras with a multi-part prism in front of the sensors, too, do not permit that the optics stick into the interior of the camera. Special three-board lenses typically provide a special colour correction and avoid this problem by means of a different lens design. Of course they can also be used as "normal optics" with low back focal length at any time.
